Which biomarker list is associated with Alzheimer's disease?

• A. Tau
• B. Neuronal thread protein
• C. Amyloid B42
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Alzheimer's disease shows a biomarker profile that mirrors three related processes: tau pathology, amyloid deposition, and neuronal injury. Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid rises as neurofibrillary tangles form inside neurons, indicating ongoing neuronal degeneration. Amyloid beta-42 decreases in CSF because it is being deposited as plaques in the brain, reflecting amyloid pathology. Neuronal thread protein serves as another indicator of neuronal damage, which is characteristic of the disease process. Because each of these markers is associated with Alzheimer’s pathology, a biomarker list that includes Tau, Amyloid beta-42, and Neuronal thread protein best captures the disease’s biochemical signals. In practice, tau and Aβ42 are the most commonly emphasized core markers, but neuronal thread protein adds information about neuronal injury and supports their association.