Lead exposure can occur via which routes?

• A. Ingestion, Inhalation, and Dermal contact
• B. Inhalation only
• C. Ingestion only
• D. Dermal contact only

Answer: (A)

Lead exposure can occur through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Ingestion happens when lead-contaminated dust, soil, or food is swallowed, which is especially important for children who may put objects in their mouths. Inhalation occurs when lead-containing dust or fumes are breathed in, common in occupational settings and in environments with deteriorating lead-based paint; the lungs absorb lead into the bloodstream efficiently. Dermal contact can also lead to skin absorption, particularly if the skin is damaged or comes into contact with solvents or residues that increase permeability, though this route is generally less significant than ingestion or inhalation. Because exposure can arise from all three pathways, considering all routes provides a complete picture of risk and appropriate protective measures.